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Version 4 of TCP/IP was installed in the ARPANET for production use in January 1983 after the Department of Defense made it standard for all military computer networking. As this work progressed, a protocol was developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Internetworking research in the early 1970s led by Bob Kahn at DARPA and Vint Cerf at Stanford University and later DARPA formulated the Transmission Control Program, which incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project. The network expanded rapidly and operational control passed to the Defense Communications Agency in 1975. Further software development enabled remote login, file transfer and email. The network was declared operational in 1971.

The first computers were connected in 1969 and the Network Control Protocol was implemented in 1970. Roberts engaged Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA to develop mathematical methods for analyzing the packet network technology. ARPA awarded the contract to build the network to Bolt Beranek & Newman who developed the first protocol for the network. He incorporated Donald Davies' concepts and designs for packet switching, and sought input from Paul Baran. Roberts made the key decisions about the network design.

Taylor appointed Larry Roberts as program manager. Licklider, Bob Taylor initiated the ARPANET project in 1966 to enable resource sharing between remote computers. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.

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